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In a society where energy costs are rising, brownouts and blackouts are more common and the urge to stay connected is ever-greater, knowing how to manage your mobile phone’s battery as effectively as possible is increasingly important.

This isn’t only to keep costs down – it’s also about staying in communication with emails and social networking services as well as text messaging and phone calls.

Smartphones almost exclusively employ Lithium-Ion (aka Li-ion) batteries as these offer an affordable, high capacity solution for the various functions, services and connections that smartphone users expect from operating systems.

Battery charge decreases on a day-to-day basis through constant use – but what factors affect the life of a Li-ion battery?

The age of the battery is most important, as this can affect that maximum charge. A 2010 study demonstrated that from a starting capacity of 88-94%, battery life after 250 charges reduced to 73-84%.

Internal resistance and self-discharge is largely redundant in modern batteries, and while age is something that cannot be easily managed (batteries can sit on shelves in their smartphones for months before purchase) all of this means that managing your battery life is something that you will need to monitor closely.

A full battery discharge from time to time was the best way to maintain long life for the power cell however, that this is not the case. Instead, avoiding full discharge and charging regularly is apparently the best way to keep the battery working longer.

However, this doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t fully discharge your battery every couple of months. Doing so enables the device hardware to recalibrate capacity, thereby ensuring that the correct charge is displayed on your smartphone.

Interestingly, temperature will affect your battery life; even occasional use in hot conditions will drain the battery faster…

There are various ways provided by mobile phone operating system developers that you can employ to lengthen the time between charges.

Sadly this means a trade-off with functionality.

The most obvious thing to do is make sure your screen is set to switch off after a certain amount of time unused – perhaps after 30 seconds or a minute. You can also disable the phone’s vibrate mode and any vibrate/haptic feedback designed to help you determine when software buttons have been pressed.

After this, it’s time to turn your attention to connectivity. Bluetooth will drain your battery, so if this isn’t in use, disable it. Similarly, Wi-Fi will severely deplete battery life, especially if you have a few rogue apps or games maintaining a connection with a remote server.

Mobile Internet such as EDGE, 3G, 4G and beyond will also lead to faster depletion of battery life. If you’re not using these connections for anything (i.e. your phone is sitting idle) then disable them.

Finally, take a look at the apps you have installed, and determine whether or not they require localization services. These are typically provided by GPS, one of the biggest drains on your phone’s battery. If you’re not using GPS, switch it off!

Pretty much all mobile platforms have battery management apps available for them. These are available either as third party apps that can be installed from the corresponding app store or provided as a native option.

Sadly, these apps don’t really do anything magical. Typically they will restrict data transfer on mobile Internet services, or at best all but disable non telephony connectivity in order to maintain battery life for as long as possible. After all, smartphones are basically for making phone calls, so as long as this fundamental function is available with a low battery, there isn’t an overwhelming need to recharge.

As crazy as the idea of placing an expensive piece of hardware in a coolbox might sound, it is actually possible to get more battery life from a smartphone by placing it somewhere cold for a while.

While a freezer is unsuitable – it is likely to cause the casing of the battery to crack – the principle of keeping a Lithium-Ion battery cool will increase the amount of power that it delivers to your phone. Li-ion rechargeable batteries generate heat when in use, something that is mitigated by internal resistance (this is also why charger voltages are so low; a high voltage would result in a faster charge but also a higher temperature – above 30 degrees Celsius/86 degrees Fahrenheit – reducing the life of the battery). This causes the battery to discharge more quickly while simultaneously providing energy for the normal functioning of the device.

Using the phone in a cooler environment or storing the battery itself in a cool place when not in use can extend the charge and the life of the cell.

Keeping your smartphone battery charge going for as long as possible isn’t just environmentally sound, it is financially sound too. While recharging from a modern car battery might not cost as much as recharging your smartphone from the mains electricity every day, understanding what services and functions impact battery power the most and taking steps to minimise these is the best way of increasing the life of the current charge.

As for your battery itself, regular top-up charges, with occasional recalibration discharges will increase battery life, as will storage in a cool place away from heat.

The Thompson sub-machine gun was invented by American army general John Taliaferro Thompson and US navy commander John N. Blish. It became known as the Tommy gun and was popular with gangsters during the 1920s.

The name comes from the initial letters of the surnames of the weapon’s inventors, Major Reginald V. Shepherd and Harold J. Turpin, combined with the first two letters of England (or, according to some authorities, Enfield), where it was first made.

This name was originally given to the exploding shells invented by British officer Henry Shrapnel (1761-1842). Fragments of bombs are also often called shrapnel.

This was a crude but effective bomb made with a petrol-filled bottle and fuse. It was given its name by the Finns in about 1940 who used it during the war against Russia. They called it a cocktail for Molotov. Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (1890-1986) was the Soviet Prime minister at the time.

This hand grenade was designed in 1915 by William Mills (1856-1932). An estimated 70 million were used by the British during World War I. Mills was knighted in 1922.

The Mauser bolt-action rifle was developed in 1898 by German brothers Wilhelm (1834-82) and Peter Paul Mauser (1838-1914). They also invented an automatic pistol.

Gunmaker George Luger (1849-1923) pioneered the P-08 pistol that bears his name in 1898. This weapon was adopted by the German army and was widely used during both World Wars.

This deadly assault rifle was invented by Mikhail Kalashnikov of Russia. Symbol of innovative weapon, its designing phase started during the World War II and after the war it was committed to the Soviet Army.

This weapon was named after British inventor, Sir William Congreve (1772-1828). It was used in battles against Napoleon in the early years of the 19th century.

Big Bertha was a 144 tonne cannon used by the German army to shell Paris from a distance of 122 km during World War I. The name of this weapon came from the Bertha Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach (1886-1957), who inherited the German Krupp armaments business from her father, Friedrich Alfred Krupp

The 21-year-old model has filed a written complaint with deputy commissioner of police (Zone 6) Pratap Dighavkar, in which she claims she had a six-month affair with the 56-year-old umpire, which was prolonged only because he promised that they would soon get married. However, Rauf has now backed off, she says. "When I tried calling him a few days ago, there was no response," she says, adding that last week, Rauf called her to say that he did not know who she was and refused to have any more interaction.

Pakistani website thenews.com.pk quoted Rauf as denying the allegations and saying Kapoor was seeking to gain publicity by linking her name to his.

Model Leena Kapoor, who stays at Oshiwara, claims she met Rauf for the first time in Sri Lanka six months ago through a mutual friend. "We exchanged numbers and stayed together in the island nation for three days," she says. "He also came to Mumbai to meet me when I was ill and we became closer." It was then, she adds, that the umpire --already married and a father of two-- said he would marry her. "He convinced me that because his religion allowed more than one marriage, he could marry me. He kept saying his family wouldn't have a problem with his second marriage," she says.

"He also offered to buy me a flat in Mumbai. But I never wanted his money. I have enough for myself and am busy with my work," she adds.

DCP Dighavkar confirmed receiving a complaint from Leena. "It has been forwarded to a senior inspector (at Versova Police Station)," he said. "He has been asked to conduct an inquiry, based on which further action will be taken."

Rauf has stood in 44 Tests, 95 ODIs and 17 T20 matches and is considered among the best in the world. Prior to umpiring, Rauf was also a first-class cricketer in Pakistan.